1. What is Hydroelectric Power?

Hydroelectric power is the electrical energy generated by harnessing the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It's one of the most widely used forms of renewable energy.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the hydroelectric power equation:

Where:

• \( P \) — Power output (watts)
• \( \eta \) — Turbine/generator efficiency (0-1)
• \( \rho \) — Water density (1000 kg/m³ for pure water)
• \( g \) — Gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s²)
• \( h \) — Head height (vertical drop in meters)
• \( Q \) — Flow rate (m³/s)

Explanation: The equation calculates the theoretical power available from falling water, accounting for system efficiency.

3. Importance of Hydro Power Calculation

Details: Accurate power estimation is crucial for designing hydroelectric systems, determining feasibility, and optimizing energy production.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter efficiency as decimal (0.85 for 85%), water density (typically 1000 kg/m³), head height in meters, and flow rate in cubic meters per second.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is typical efficiency for hydro systems?
A: Modern systems achieve 85-90% efficiency, with smaller installations typically 70-85%.

Q2: How does head height affect power output?
A: Power is directly proportional to head height - doubling the head doubles the power output.

Q3: What flow rate is needed for small hydro?
A: Micro-hydro systems can operate with as little as 0.01 m³/s, while larger plants may need 10+ m³/s.

Q4: How does water density vary?
A: Pure water is 1000 kg/m³ at 4°C. Temperature and salinity can cause small variations.

Q5: What are practical limits for hydro power?
A: Theoretical power depends on available head and flow, but practical systems have mechanical and electrical constraints.